Construction Methodology Of Laying A Sewerage Pipes

Construction Methodology Of Laying A toilet Pipes curtly explain with the aid of diagramme, the construction methodology of laying a sewerage tubings and describe the reasons of different litter subject for vitrified form (rigid) pipes and ABS ( limber) pipes.Above pipes should be position with fall.Side gibe of take advantage.Below workers ar placing the pipes in the trench.The maiden thing to construct d come downs is a ground political platform of the site, showing the location of the whole of the sanitary appliances from which the wastewater to the position of the sewer. at that place ar two methods of laying the pipes, first is by using the boning-rod and sight-rails. simply the common way of working is by using an ordinary life history level and a straight-edge.The construction methodology of laying sewerage pipes is first, the pipes should be laid in a straight line from transmit to point with a fall meaning at predetermined angle and a predetermined depth. Two feet moldinessiness consequently be added for every fall. Next, excavation of trench unavoidableness to be construct using an excavator so that working space and bedding around the pipes ar drop outed. Trench that ar more(prenominal) than 1200mm depth mustiness be properly shored up. The trench should be dug out from the site so that the pipes lowlife be laid with a fall and the main tapped straight out from the constituteing and should be at least 15 feet long so that a proficient length of pipe empennage be laid in the trench. The first pipe that take to be laid first is the pipe from the enclose to the main. The pipes must be placed amongst the curb and the main to begin with the water is turned on. If there are whatsoever leaks, the pipes need to be repaired. Pipes should not be covered p until they are tested and O.K. for water-tightness. Beams are installed between the intervals to avoid landslide occurring at both sides of the trench excavation and to pro tect the underground pipes.In refilling the trench, sand or fine gravel should be placed in first and succinctly around the pipe without disturbing the joint. Then, the trench forget covered with dear(p) ashes or gravel. When the trench is refilled, concreting should be done and carried up minimum of half(a) the height of the pipes, so that these may be securely bedded in it and as well as at least 6 inches thick all around.On the left Bedding detail for rigid pipes (Clayware) Class B beddingOn the right Bedding detail for flexible pipes (Plastic)There are two references of bedding pipes that are for vitrified clay (rigid) pipes and ABS (flexible) pipes. The function of bedding is to cover the pipes from soil, large stones or opposite materials. Rigid pipe materials accommodate clayware, concrete and cast iron while flexible pipe materials entangle plastics comprise those manufactured from PVC, polyethylene and polypropylene. The performance of each polymer is different see on the pipe stiffness and the creep ratio. These different beddings shoot change degrees of last to the pipe and the compaction of the material. It too depends on the type of pipe for indissoluble protection against mechanical damage. The bedding element is the ratio of the trial load in a crushing machine.List down with write up the needor task in landscaping contract.In landscaping contract, a contractor has to performed many task in order to fulfill the costume proposeers satisfaction. Their job is to design, plant, develop and asseverate a clients adornd bowl and their job range preserve be from local businesses to big urban companies. Some of the contractors work with residential clients in pattern the tends and parks on residential land while others work with governments and businesses to maintain current hatfuled playing areas and develop overbold areas.Design of landscapeFirst, the contractor entrust befuddle to find and meet up with the client. During the run across they go forth wrangle what type of garden that the client wants by discussing and sharing ideas of trees, flowers and to a fault types of grass that would be sui display panel for the area. Some contractors lead use computer-generated models, pictures and landscape blueprints to overhaul the customers to examine and choose according to their desire. But the close to cardinal things during the meeting up with the client is to help the client soft understand on what type of plants that are suitable and are appropriate for the area and what type of plants that they should be avoided or not suitable to plant for the area. This is because sometimes the clients make up unrealistic and impossible desires for certain plants that usually will not draw in that crock upicular area, so it is answerable for the contractor to consult the clients and sort out these issues. When the final plans of the landscape had been achieved by agreement from the contractor and clien t, the contractor then will start their construction work by coordinating the buy of the plants as well as oversees the work.Construction of landscapeAfter the intent of landscape has been done, the contractor will start purchasing the required plants for the development area. They will be contracting with lots of suppliers and outside vendors to make for sure that the project run smoothly and stay on schedule. Then, the contractors will channelize the required plants from nursery to the site. The conditions of the plants need to be check and analyse during the delivering of the plants. Contractors also vex to find suitable area placement for storing the soil fertilizers, plants and drain material that will be used in the future. Before the adeptness of the specific plants, the planting area needs to be check for any discrepancies by removing any unwanted plants that cover the area. The construction of the area and gardens will be constructing by the contractors that will ins tall the plants and tender the flowers, shrubs, trees, foliage and sward according to the requirement.When the installation of plants is finished, the new plants need to be take fretting by watering and tending the plants for a certain amount of money of time. The plants need tolerable of water in order to adapt to the new environment. The contractors also have to build retaining walls to hold open land slide, provide paved area and installed the irrigation dodges which set up incorporate the spread out of water in the area so that it is even. By installing an irrigation system, all of the plants and trees will get enough of water. If the clients asked to install the fountains, rockery and the water features much(prenominal) as sprinklers in their garden, the contractors will then installed the water features.In aspects of indoor job, the hiring, supervising, training and firing of workers are also being done by the contractors including the leave for the workers. They also have to contact with the clients for invoicing and collecting fees for the landscaping job.Repair and remediation of landscapenormally the repairing and restoring the landscape that has been affected by the local conditions and subsidence or that requires new management due to neglect in taking care of the old landscape is all done by the contractors. The contractors will be responsible for all renovation and remediation processes including the digging up existing plants, trees and flowers and re-installing O.K. all the landscape materials with a new one. They also have to build up new additions to the landscape area to make an interesting examine of landscape and installing new and fresh soil that contain b highway(prenominal) minerals to replace the old existing soil.Maintenance of landscapeTo maintain a landscape contractors use the same sorts of learning and tasks like remediation and repair. Contractors have to do lots of job such as terracing, turfing the area, prune tre es, garden care, lawn mowing, remove weeds, waste remotion, maintaining sprinkler, concreting, maintaining flowers and dealing with any damage from disturbances such as flood and storms. certain(p) contractors had to remove hazards depend on their contracts. To maintain a landscape, the contractors usually construct a drainage system, construct landscape features such as garden beds and ambitiousscape such as patios, walkways, driveways and pool decks to maintain the area. On top of that, contractors also have to set up the lighting for the international area which the lighting can provide a safe curiously at night and be the source of light for outdoor areas. Maintaining the landscape is one part of work that needs to be performed by the contractors.Briefly explain three (3) influencing factors for route design.The three factors that most influenced the road design are the strength of sub-grade beneath the road, living cost of the road and the verse of traffics that uses the road. posture of sub-gradeThe design of a road is influenced by the sub-grade support that is depending on the soil type, material density, temperature and wet content. Sub-grade is the natural occurring ground at formation level which its homogeneity is important. Before a sub-grade is prepared, it is important to avoid hard and soft spots in sub-grade. When the sub-grade is suitable, it then can be compacted. It is important to recognize where the moisture may enter the sub-grade in order to defend the moisture movement. This is because moisture tends to affect the sub-grade properties including load heading capacity, shrinkage and swelling. Drainage, groundwater table and infiltration also can affect the moisture content in sub-grade which will result in profligately under load.The temperature of environment on sub-grade also affects the performance of road. Example Asphalt becomes stiff and brittle at low temperatures while it is soft at higher temperatures. If the temperatu re is too high, permanent stoopation in asphalt may occur. Sub-grade also must be able to support the loads that been transmitted from the sidewalk structure. The load bearing capacity is influenced by the degree of compaction, moisture content and type of soil. A broad(a) sub-grade is the one that can support a high amount of loading without excessive deformation.The strength of sub-grade also depends on the type of soil. Certain soils can shrink or swell depending on the moisture content. When this happen, soils with excessive fines content may be frost heave. Any road type constructed over the shrinkage, swelling and frost heave will tend to deform and crack.Maintenance costThe second factor that influenced the road design is the keep cost of road such as cost of improvements, effects of imperious or limiting right-of-way on abutting residential and commercial properties where canalization restricts vehicular movements. At the end of a certain period, the road will deterior ated to its failure condition which will then have to maintain stomach to restore its structural integrity and serviceability. The maintenance cost and life roll cost depends on the type of pavement used. For rigid type of pavement such as concrete, the maintenance cost is low as it is can withstand huge amounts of loads while for flexible type of pavement such as tar macadam, the maintenance cost is high because it needs to resurfacing the layer every five years. But to install the rigid pavements require more labour, more time to harden and more complex compared to flexible pavements. The maintenance of road is necessarily because it can cause road accidents to users. cleanup spot and emptying of gully pots, silt traps and manholes, jetting and cleaning sewers, road sweeping, litter removal and road verge landscape management have to consider also as it is under the maintenance cost.The operation and maintenance activities also part of maintenance cost. The inspection and mon itoring, post inspection maintenance including litter and removal of debris, unplanned maintenance due to operational problems or pollution incidents must be considered. The labour, the plant and the material used to do the maintenance whole kit and caboodle must also be calculated.Numbers of trafficThe third factor that influenced the road design is the numbers of traffic that used the road. The traffic regard that must be considered is the design and actual capacities that the road can hold, the design-hour twist movements especially during peak hour or office hour, the size and run characteristics of vehicle (the load of the vehicle), vehicle speeds, transit involvement and accident experience. If the road used is very frequent, the design of the road must be rugged enough to hold large capacities of load. The size of the road also establish on the numbers of traffic. If the road is usually used the size of the road have to be bigger to avoid jam.Briefly explain quaternion (4) requirements of joints for cladding system.The four requirements of joints that are important for cladding system are weather vindication and are allowed for structural, thermic and moisture movement, good durability, easily maintained and easily do or assembled.Weather resistanceThe most important requirement of joint is it needs to resistance to wind pressure, rain and other nature elements such as heat, moisture, sound such as airborne and vandalism. It must sufficiently well to exhibit the persistent resistance to the elements. If we neglect the need for properly sealing the joint, there will be a water leakage in the building. Once the seal has helpless its weather-proofing, the building will suffer water penetration into the building and the thermal insulation performance will decrease. Requirement of joints of cladding also must allowed movement of moisture so that the air in the building contains moisture and not too dry. High frequency thermal movement can affect th e jointing of cladding system because the building materials can blow up and contract due to the changing of temperature and humidity. It is best to use flexible joints in the cladding system where the joints will not be effected when the building materials expand and contract. It will control of the internal environment and the temperatures of the building. Example Using gasket joints can prevent thermal heat from getting into the building, resistance to environmental attack, prevent fire from spread within the voids and insulate sound against airborne from outside of the building and prevent it from transmitting to other parts of the building.Strength, stability and good durabilityThe other requirement of joints for cladding system is strength, stability and durability. Strength of joint means that it able to support its own self clog between the building materials and to the structural frame. It does not require additional support from others. Stability of joint means that it can against and undergoes strong wind pressures and other environmental attack. It also can cater for frame movements which it allows differential movements between the joints, the structural frame and other building elements. The integration between perpendicular and horizontal frame elements is compatible. Durability of joints for cladding system means that it is maintenance free and has the ability to weather well.Easily maintainedThe joints for cladding system must be easily maintained so that maintenance workers can easily repaired and maintained the joints if there are defection in the joints. For gasket joint, the maintenance is complex because it uses air pressure to join the cladding and need skill labour to perform the task. Joints on surfaces that require painting need to allow for maintenance of the surface coating. Usually when the installation and repair is relatively simple, the maintenance required is high, requiring frequently treatment depending on the location of the elements to which it is exposed.Easily do or assembledJoints for cladding system must be easily made or assembled so that it can be easily obtained and it is not limited. means the manufacturers easily and constantly produced the jointing and easily obtained in the market. The installation of the jointing also must simple so that the workers can easily install and can play down the construction time. Example Filled joint is the simplest of jointing compared to drained joint. Unlike gasket joint, it is more complex to install because it has difficulty in ensuring dimensional accuracy and control during manufacture and installation.