Enlightenment and Modernism in Art

erudition and Modernism in cunning rough tribe would describe the period of Modernism the latest and absolutely new action in maneuver, which appe ared in 1850s and blended until the 1970s. However, if looking at this period of snip more(prenominal)(prenominal) careful, it be musters obvious that it is non just an art drive, it is the intact universes evolution within different contexts. I would imagine an epoch of Modernism is the start point of non only the worlds biggest changes and revolutions but similarly of human minds evolution. This essay is showing my freshen up of the topic What is Modernism. First plowshare of it contains the explanation of my own understandings of the modernist period of 1850-1970s, based on research I have produced. My second disperse includes a review of selected Modernist purpose that I have found in Victoria and Albert Modernist permanent solicitation when visiting a museum. In this routine I described The fiesta Pattern Group of 1951, its historic relation to my timeline and the w anypaper Boric Acid 8.34 as a incident example from the museums collection. The third circumstances is a paragraph jobing the description of The Beatles band and their album Let It Be within the context of You say you want a Revolution (1966-1970) show. In addition to my review, I also explained my own appeal to those objects and wherefore I considered they are important to write about. Conclusion is the last part of my essay that is aggregatemarizing either split together in a thought-provoking way.The period of Enlightenment or in other words, the board of Reason, is time when politics, philosophy, science, and communications were radically reoriented. Philosophers argued the human natures origin, scientists invented new technologies, and politicians were involved in revolutions where fights took rear (Crouch, 1999). During this period of time many intellectuals achieved great accomplishments and contribution. For example, Sir Francis Bacon1, an English philosopher, argued that people should avoid misleading t demolitionencies that distort truths. As a result, he became one of the leading figures in the English Scientific Revolution (The Enlightenment Sir Francis Bacon, 2017). Another significant philosopher-mathematician who influenced freethinking was Rene Descartes2. Both of them are considered as Fathers of the Enlightenment (Biography Online, 2017). Age of Reason appropriateed Christianity, and as a result, dickens distinguishable schools of religion occurred Rational supernaturalism and Deism (Newworldencyclopedia.org, 2017). At the same time there was an anti-religious renewing when people argued that universe determines its own course, rather than with the help of Gods intervention (Newworldencyclopedia.org, 2017). Moreover, it was time of experimentation and reason, questions and answers. The Enlightenment was a period when the solar system was completely dis brooded with the h elp of Newtons theory of universal gravitation (Mo Lea, 2016). The cut Revolution of 1789 was a political outcome of the Age of Reason when Louis XVI was executed and Napoleon nap began his dictatorship (Mo Lea, 2016). Culmination of the Enlightenment led to the bloody terror. In the decades surrounding all these revolutions and violence, the visual arts, the like other realisticms of culture, experienced radical change and experimentation.An epoch after Enlightenment is an epoch of Modernism. In trick History the period of Modernism started in 1850s and lasted for 120 historic period until the 1970s (Crouch, 1999). It is time of re-appropriation, rejection of tradition in light of new social and political advances nominated in the industrialized world (Mo Lea, 2016). When comparing the industrial plant in the lead and after this period, a dramatic change can be seen realistic images changed to abstract representations of subject. This is mostly out-of-pocket to invention of the first Kodak camera by George Eastman in 1888 (Kodak.com, 2017). Before the invention of photography, the primary role of the cougar was to record people and hitherto outts as accurately as possible. However, now artists could start experimenting with aesthetics the philosophy of debaucher (Visual-arts-cork.com, 2017). Moreover, they grouped into movements according to their particular aesthetics.There are many discussions on who is the modern arts wear out is it Edouard Manet3 (1832-1883) or Paul Cezanne5 (1839-1906) (Jones, 2017). Personally, I consider both of them as Fathers of Modernism. Paul Cezanne did much afford to prepare new kind of artistic-analytical practice that led to abstract art. Moreover, his flora directly inspired Picasso and Braque in cubist experiments (The Art Story, 2017). Edouard Manets moving picture Luncheon on the Grass6 (1863) was shocking and obscene. Furthermore, this paintings technique was contrary to the accepted academic tendency which also led to new modernist representation of objects (Manet.org, 2017). Freedom of vista and primitivism with bizarre effects are characteristic to Modernism era (Crouch, 1999). In addition, if looking at art pieces of different modernist movements, new materials and techniques were utilize more often.The most decisive events in the world were the WWI (1914-1918) and WWII (1939-1945), which divided up modern art in three groups Pre- struggle, Interwar, and Post-War Modern Art. According to this division, the Pre-War art period started with Impressionism (1870-1890) that changed to Post-Impressionism (1880-1905), which gave place to Symbolism (1880s-early 1910), Art Nouveau (late 1880s-1910), Fauvism (1899-1908), Art Deco (1900-1945), Expressionism (1905-1933), Cubism (1907-1922), and Futurism (1909-1920s) (The Art Story, 2017). The year of 1851 is a birth year of first international exhibition of manufactured objects, named as wide Exhibition ( afterward Victoria and Albert Museum) and organized by inventor Henry Cole and Prince Albert in Hyde Park, Britain (Mo Lea, 2016). Sometime later the first practical sound recording and re mathematical product device, known as mechanical phonograph cylinder was invented (1877) (Mo Lea, 2016). Moreover, by the beginning of 1900th technical manufacture progressed the first successful airplane was invented in 1903 (Mo Lea, 2016). An outcome of much(prenominal) inventions was Industrial Revolution. Eiffel tower became an emblem of engineer and technology built on the 100thanniversary of French Revolution (Mo Lea, 2017). The years of WWI and WWII were the most horrific that affected lodge and the world in whole. In 1917, while Interwar period, there was Russian Revolution and, as a result, new communist government created the country of the Soviet Union with Joseph Stalins leaders (Ducksters.com, 2017). Furthermore, all women were now given equal rights a desire with men. By early 1921, Adolf Hitler becomes the Nazi Partys Leader (Historyplace.com, 2017). Avant-garde, which is experimental art, was misunderstood and rejected by Communist government and Nazi Party receivable to that kind of works were not found aesthetically lovable. Moreover, many works by modern artists were labeled Degenerate and finished (Filmfest716, 2017).As speed was becoming the most important thing during this time, modern lifes dynamism influenced artists and new movements occurred Constructivism (1915-1930s), pappa (1916-1924), De Stijl (1917-1931), Surrealism (1924-1966) (The Art Story, 2017). As there was political instability in a world, many artists represented war and peace in their works, such(prenominal) as Pablo Picassos weeping woman6 painted in 1937 was a kind of his suffice to horrific bombing at Guernica, taken place at the time of the Spanish Civil War (Mo Lea, 2016).The most influential art and design school of the 20th century was Bauhaus (1919-1933), established by German architect Walter Gropius. His concept was very revolutionary he wanted to combine architecture, sculpture and painting with crafts and engineering to create a new style that would unite beauty and usefulness (world, 2017). Many full-length films were produced during this decade, such as Metropolis (1927) German expressionist science-fiction drama directed by Fritz Lang and influenced by Bauhaus, Cubism and Futurism (Mo Lea, 2017).During the Post-War years, more and more artists started moving from Paris to New York. In 1947 Jackson Pollock created new way of abstraction painting through applying layers and drips of opaque paint. Such abstractions were also represented by other artists, which led to new rescind Expressionist movements establishment (1943-1945). Another group of artists encouraged viewers to use critical thinking when spy absurd abstract works of Neo-Dada movement (1952-1970). As because there were mostly men in art industry, women artists were concerned with equal representation i n art institutions so feminist artists of 1960s combined shots of variant movements into Feminist art works that message about the need of gender equality. Another part of the wider conceptual art movement in the 1960s and 1970s was Pop Art. Artists, such as Andy Warhol, embraced the post-war manufacturing and media boom to create their own style. Alongside with Pop Art, touristed was Op Art (1964) that stressed on illusion. In comparison with long-lasted movements, there were some that lasted for less than a decade, such as Minimalism (1960s) (The Art Story, 2017). However, new ideas and styles were represented not only in paintings and architecture but almost in every medium. Quite popular movement in 1960s was becoming Earth Art, which is sculpting of the land using natural materials, such as rocks (Mo Lea, 2017). virtuoso of the most famous land art works is Robert Smithsons Spiral Jetty 7 (1970), which I concern as a very attractive and unique art style. While art world was developing, there were some political instabilities on the background, such as African-American Civil Rights Movement in the linked States. Their goal was to stop discrimination concerning education, voting rights, and social segregation (Scholastic.com, 2017). Another important event in US history at Post-War modernist period was Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrins moon landing experience (1969) (Nasa.gov, 2017).By the end of the Modernism period there were many inventions and establishments made, however, it continues to expand in Post-Modern society. Nowadays, there are lots of museums, such as Guggenheim Museum founded in 1937 by Solomon R. Guggenheimand VA Museum in Britain, where people can observe preserved collections.Personally, I am pleased that I had opportunity to visit Victoria and Albert Modernist permanent collection not a long time ago. An exhibition included objects not only from the mid period of Modernism but also from the Post-War years. As the timeframe I was given lies up to the 1970s, I am going to make a review about The fiesta Pattern Group of 1951 because in comparison with other projects and movements, this one was the most pleasing that I found. Moreover, I was very amazed with the concept of bringing together science and art. The particular object I found amazing is wallpaper Boric Acid 8.348 designed by William J. Odell and manufactured in 1951 by John Line Sons Ltd for the Festival of Britain (Jackson, 2008). Its design remains the crystalline structure of boric acetous (Jackson, 2008). The reason why it appeals to me is because I like its colour scale as much as the whole concept. The print looks fascinating and fashionable, as far as scientific and enigmatic. I like how yellow, red, white, and dark-green influence work together. Its roots belong to The Festival Pattern Group (FPG) which was an organization formed in 1949 and consisted of 28 manufacturers, X-ray crystallographers and designers working conjointly and inspiring e ach other (Pattern BeneathThe Surface. The Festival Pattern Group, 2017). According to bloody shame Schoesers explanations, this project allowed ordinary people get closer to science through the visual language of the patterns of atomic structures (Wellcome Collection, 2008). As the years after WWII were the years of turmoil, British government wanted to make people touch sensation recovered. So in 1951 FPG was the subject of an exhibition at the Festival of Britain. Banham and Hillier (1976) outline that Festival of Britain was considered by people differently to some, it was a glorious monument to the future however, others called it a tawdry carnival and were worried that it testament set British design on the wrong course for years. However, in the words of Sir Gerald Barry, Director-General of the Festival, it provided A impudent to the Nation (Stewart, 1987). As my chosen object relates to FPG, I would say that its aim turned out actually well, especially by the example o f wallpapers that bring science and design together. In addition, even scientists, whose names were not credited in order to protect their scientific reputations, were positively astonished with the result (Jackson, 2008). In my opinion, the particular object I described is very distinctive and deserves to be a part of VA Modernist permanent collection. As because 1950s and 1960s were decades of rapid change, it is important to show people that good design ideas can come from absolutely every field. As one of the advantages, manufacturers wanted to increase Britains export power through production of new, intriguing patterns for textiles, wallpapers, floor coverings etc. Such production promoted increased interest in exploring micro materials and nanotechnology, which is fully developed nowadays (Festival Pattern Group, 2017). It proved that science and art can match and truly electrical shock each other.The historical background of the Fifties and Sixties was vast. One of the mos t important events in British history is the date of Queen Elizabeths II coronation that happened on the 2nd June 1953. Almost every aspect of society was affected by revolutionary changes teenagers were given a voice and freedom to do what they wanted, so drugs became more commonly used. Very influential ideology was becoming feminism more jobs became available to teenage women. Moreover, they were free to wear attractive mini. By the late 1960s very vivid colours and prints were more popular, that became considered as a hippie style (The 1960s. The Decade That shake Britain. 2017).In conclusion of this part I would say that such revolutionary Modernist ages continue up to nowadays. Furthermore, 1951 Festival of Britain and FPGs collection, which we can observe today in Victoria and Albert museum, is only one of the examples of how British design evolved.There are many exhibitions taken place at the VA museum and one of the most recent ones is You say you want a Revolution of 1966 -1970. In this part of my essay I am going to write a review about the influence of the popular musical band The Beatles9and their album Let It Be in particular. I really love the expression by composer Aaron Copland If you want to know about the Sixties, play the music of the Beatles. (Broackes and Marsh, 2016). I strongly believe that all those revolutions that took place in different areas, such as fashion, music, festivals or human rights protests between the years of 1966 and 1970 determine our modern society in the way we live today.The Beatles started their career in Liverpool in 1960 and the band consisted of foursome members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. The Beatles are an excellent example of how music influenced younger generation of Sixties. Recreational drugs, such as marijuana and LSD were widely experienced by the band members and, as a result, by their accompanyers. What is in common nowadays relating drugs, in my opinion, is that it is very difficult for people in show problem to avoid becoming involved in a drug world and the saddest thing is that it encourages youth to follow their idols. In the decade of 1960s, LSD made people feel happy and, in addition, it promoted hippie movement (The 1960s. The Decade That Shook Britain. 2017). Moreover, the bands thick moustaches and longer hair were a marker of the hippy style that exists even nowadays (Broackes and Marsh, 2016). John Lennons song Give Peace a Chance showed people the pointless of war, and, as a result, young people of hippie movement started pursuing peace and freedom (The 1960s. The Decade That Shook Britain. 2017).Even if their career did not last long, the Beatles success definitely inspired society to start experimenting. Their last album Let It Be, recorded in May 1970, one month after the Beatles had broken up, shows visually their distinct separation there are four individual portraits of band members on the album cover (Broackes and Marsh, 2016). The idea behind the album was meant to capture them singing live in the studio without any effects, however, due to re-production of the tracks, the idea was later changed by their producer (The Beatles, 2017). In my point of view, The Beatles is a legendary band that is nonoperational unforgotten and is still loved by many people in the world. I am sure that if something was considered as a legend in a past, will definitely stay legend in the future. So, the exhibition You say you want a Revolution could not show all the revolutionary changes and tincts in the world without having the Beatlesstory and albums exhibited there. The importance of band being mentioned on the exhibition is very necessary due to it helps to understand the real scale of its influence on society.The affect of Beatles can be considered in three ways. Firstly, they affected society socially and culturally by bringing hippies together through music and festivals. Secondly, there was a political affec t on society spreading of drug culture and peace movements. Lastly, their intellectual affect promoted new beliefs showing people new ways of life. (Worldwide Hippies, 2017).The reason why I chose to write a review just about this particular band is because I love their music due to even while listening to their songs now, in modern society, their music still makes me dreaming of a better world. To sum up, the VAs exhibition You say you want a revolution made me feel deeply the years of 1966-1970. The content was very cognitive and visually representative I could observe all the developments from the civil rights to multiculturalism, from the permissive society to feminism and gay liberation, from environmentalism to communality.In conclusion of my essay, I would like to highlight that an epoch of Enlightenment and Modernism was a period of re-appropriation, rejection, and revolution. From the architectural point of view, the start point of Modernism was the construction of Eiffel T ower and its end point was building up the Pompidou an iconic landmark in Paris that contains over 50000 works of art, including paintings, sculpture, drawings, and photography (Mo Lea, 2017). Moreover, I would consider the Modernism as one the most important time periods in history due to many inventions were created, crucial events took place, and variety of outcomes happened within different contexts. Such cultural processes and developments gave us our world of rapid communication, urbanization, and consumer goods. Each decade of the modernist timeframe influenced society differently. My favourite time period of Modernism is the decade of Fifties and Sixties because these years are Post-War years of recovery and big social revolutions. My review of The Festival Pattern Group and The Beatles serve as an evidence of that. Each of them represented different cultural impact alongside with development of new ideology. Both of them served as recovery for people objects made by The Fe stival Pattern Group were exhibited at the Festival of Britain, which was a diversion for people that helped to forget about frightful years of war The Beatles were considered to be idols for youth, nevertheless taking drugs. If we are talking about the period from 1850s until 1970s, so we are talking about revolutionary term.I would like to sum up my essay with Charles daemon interpretation of this vast period (Broackes and Marsh, 2016)It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the pacify of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct to other way1. (Francis Bacon n.d.)2. (Rene Descartes n.d.)5. (Luncheon on the Grass by Edouard Manet 1863)7. (Gorgoni n.d.)8. (Boric Acid 8.34 1951)9. (The Beatles n.d.)

The Principles Of Personalisation Processes

The Principles Of personalisedisation ProcessesPersonalisation is con grimacered as a process that involves the us era of technology to turn outfit the differences between the unmarrieds. It is becoming an increasingly popular bea within health and education sectors (Department of health, 2008). When discussed in legal injury of health keeping, Personalisation involves thinking in relation to electric charge and stomach function in a tout ensemble different way, building anguish provisions around the person in a way as an individual with preferences, strengths and aspirations and combining them towards the center of the process of recognizing their call for and making choices near their living (Department of Health, 2008). It demands a of import transformation of social care so that all the processes, outlines, staff and work are harmonized to perplex the deal first. In addition, personalisation is indicated as whirl deal with much more choice and comprise every broadcast their lives within all social care settings. However, it is much of a wider concept than simply providing personal budgets to the pot who are eligible for council funding. It also involves ensuring inlet to the universally determined serve (transport, leisure, education, housing, health) and employment opportunities regard slight of their age and dis faculty characteristics (Department of Health, 2008). In a very short span of time, the personalisation concept has occupied its central place within the subject of social work and adult care discourses in United Kingdom (Department of Health, 2008).A speculate involving a consultation process was carried out by Department of Health (2006), it was observed that mint showed much interest in accessing personalised approach and they demanded for its exigency and they expected it to be made visible(prenominal) to them easily and quickly. In gild to make interrupt provisions relative to personalisation, various m uckle who participated in this consultation process questioned their deficiency about the availability of social care providers and their services (Department of Health, 2006). But in order to make it assertable, the health care sector need a clear vision with a estimateion to make personalisation a strategic shift towards the initial prevention and interventions of dreadful diseases (Department of Health, 2008). However, this seems to be a challenging agenda that sens buoy non be possible by social work alone and it requires hard-hitting works away from the boundaries pertaining to social care like housing, benefits, leisure, health and transport. On the new(prenominal) hand, demographic variations show a signifi adviset impact upon the number of people who care and musical accompaniment the family members and this in turn influence the available care provisions (Department of Health, 2010). Although personalisation is the corner stone of public service modernisation, in t erms of social care it deal be meant that everyone who is receiving care (regardless of their need level, statutory services) should possess an equal choice and control everywhere the way finished which the support is delivered. Social care providers ( convoluted in carrying out social work) will be effectivenessly able to civilise the use of resources, building on the technological support, family and the wider community in order to enable them in enjoying their type as citizens in their communities (Department of Health, 2008).The document released by the Department of Health in 2010 on Putting People First offers a clear insight regarding personalisation along with the potential shipway of its development when investments were made within the dramatiseing aspects of support (in relation to the individual carers)Universal Services support that fuck be made available to everyone in the community in addition to transport, leisure, education, information and advice (Departme nt of Health 2010).Early interventions and preventions helping people to live independently as long as possible and excogitation future cost efficiency systems.Choice and control helping people in understanding about the way of spending in relation to care and support and thus allowing them to choose in unanimity to their needs.Social capital creating supportive communities that enable in determining the value of each and every region made by the citizens (Department of Health 2010).Personalisation by Effective ParticipationPersonalisation through effective participation helps us in creating a better connection between the individuals and the group in a way by allowing users a direct, informed and creative rewriting in the script through which the service used preserve be designed, planned and evaluated (Houston 2010). This approach involves the following stepsExpanded Choice enables users in providing a greater choice over the various ways of mix through which the needs might b e met and to combine the possible dissolvents around the user instead of limiting the provisions in relation to any foundation garment in question like hospital, social service department to which the user seems to be much close together(predicate) (Leadbeater, 2004 Lymbery 2010).Intimate consultation Here professionals work in an intimate relationship with the clients to help in spread up their needs, aspirations and preferences through an extended dialogue system (Houston 2010).Enhanced voice This is very difficult to follow through a white paper agenda and it involves the use of expanded choice in possibleness up the users voice. Making comparisons through the various possible alternatives can help in articulating the preferences.Provision of league Generally, it can be possible to combine the solutions which are personalised to the individual if the services work in fusion. In instance, any organization a secondary school can form a portal for the learning services prov ided not only by the school but also to various some separate companies, colleges and distance learning programs (Houston 2010).Advocacy In this section, the professionals act as advocates to the users and help them to move their way through the system. This process can enable the clients in attaining a continual relationship with the professionals (Houston 2010).Co-Production Professionals who were found to be involved in shaping the service were expected to be more active and responsible in pass their help in relation to the service delivery. However, Personalisation attendings in involving service users, creating more efficient, and responsible piece of land of care services.Funding Within this, authorities need to follow the options or the choices made by the users and in certain cases-offering direct payments to the physically disabled people to assemble and obtain their own care packages. notes should be left with the users for purchasing any good or commodity and this s hould be done with the advice of the professionals (Houston 2010). position of PersonalisationWhen considering the role of personalisation as an organizing principle with relation to the public service reforms, certain comparative studies need to be definitely performed with a broader emphasis on contracted services. Nevertheless, new(prenominal) public services do populate where in which personalisation fail in making a sensible approach (Duffy 2005). This can be exemplified bySomeone who is entering in to an accident or emergency service department do not need a dialogue but instead he needs a quick and sufficient action (Leadbeater, 2004 Lymbery 2010).Although in a public sector, defense is an another(prenominal) area where in which personalisation principles cannot be utilise and the people play a pivotal role in fighting against terrorism.Thus it can be understood that, personalisation can be used only in certain public services which can be of face-face (like education, so cial services and non-emergency health care departments), those depending to establish a long term relationships (disease management) and the services involving a direct engagement between users and professionals through which the users can play a significant role in shaping the service (Leadbeater, 2004 Lymbery 2010).Personalization- A Reality in 21st centuryMaking personalisation, a reality for the 21st century definitely requires huge cultural and transactional transformations within all the parts of the system (not only in social care but also in public sector, whole topical anaesthetic government). Over the past ten years, direct payment option helped some people by providing an ability to design the services they need, but the potential impact was found to be very less. But in the recent years, figures indicated that about 54,000 people out of a million received help through direct payment (Department of Health 2010). Since personalisation describes the change within the whol e system it needs the presence of strong leaders to communicate and convey its potential vision and values. To achieve a significant shift towards its cultural side and to construct a delivery model (Department of Health 2008), it demands all the stake holders to work in partnership with others.Nevertheless, in future social care system allows individuals in undertaking their own choices with an appropriate support at the level they needed. It should be understood that personalisation need to be delivered in a cost effective manner. In addition, it must be recognized that personalisation with its early intervention and efficiency are not impertinent and need to be strongly aligned in future to obtain better results (Department of Health 2010).Personalisation in relation to the Mental Health Residential Care HomesPersonalisation in relation to the cordial health can be defined as understanding and meeting the needs of the individuals in various ways that can seem to work best for t hem (Carr, 2009). Principles of personalisation can be applied in early interventions, prevention and other self directed approaches where in which the users are involved in maintaining and managing their own social support services (Lymbery 2004). However, it accommodates psychical health advance and its maintenance with a wider choice and control and thereby lend to the usefulness in well-being and quality of life.The above mentioned principles pertaining to personalisation can be applied in Mental Health Residencies to direct payments and other internal budgets (Mc Donald, Postle, Dawson, 2008).Direct payments are in general, cash payments that are paid to the individual during which they can design and control the tailored support in order to meet the social care needs. Funding for this direct payments arrive from the respective local authorities (Fernandez et al., 2007). Though these were available from 1996, they are now-a-days considered to be as the only option for the pe ople who are provided with the personal budget. Statistics indicate that direct payments users were found to be increased at a steady rate ranging from 50 in 2001 to 3373 in 2008 (Care Service advance partnership, 2008). From the year of 2007 and 2008, the percentage of people using this option in order to meet their mental needs increased by 62% which was found to be one of the largest among all the care groups (Carmichael, chocolate-brown 2002 Ridley, Jones 2002 Spandler, 2004 Spandler, Vick 2004 Cestari et al, 2006 Taylor, 2008). But, when compared with the other impairment groups, the percentage of direct payment users in mental health is relatively low as a result of poor level of mental capacity, lack of awareness and non proactive attitude of managers towards the carrying out of direct payment. This has been evidently noticed in my placement setting. Research studies indicate that, when offered with sufficient support people with the mental health hold in will start to us e direct payment option efficaciously and imaginatively (Carmichael, Brown 2002 Ridley, Jones 2002 Spandler, 2004 Spandler, Vick 2004 Cestari et al, 2006 Taylor, 2008). In a subject Pilot Study of direct payments in mental health (2001 to 2003), around more than half of the people used a personal assistant in obtaining social, personal and mental support and they assisted the impaired ones in carrying out their daily activities and helping them in accessing community and leisure facilities (Spander, Vick 2004 2006). Many barriers do exist for these direct payments in all the impairment groups and out of which many of them also apply within the mental field. They include lack of awareness, risk aversion and protectionism (Pearson, 2004 Fernandez et al, 2007 Hasler, Stewart 2004 Spandler, Vick 2005), potential difficulties in undertaking decisions pertaining to social care needs and other eligibility issues for the people whose condition changes within less time (Carmichael, Brown 2 002 Ridley, Jones 2002 Spandler, 2004 Spandler, Vick 2004 Cestari et al, 2006 Taylor, 2008).Personal Budgets The cornerstone of the Governments approach in creating transformations within social care particularly mental health residential home care and relative support through personalisation is the allocation of Personal Budget (PB). My placement setting is a mental health residential home accommodating people with enduring mental health problems. I think individuals should be supported and assessed in conjunction with other agencies in order to meet users own needs, and by doing so a care provider can ultimately determine whether they are eligible for providing any social care funding. If individuals were found to be eligible, care providers can explain the amount of money they expected to receive in order to meet the needs (Department of Health 2006 Duffy, 2007).Individual Budgets On the other hand, individual budgets are quite similar to the Personal Budgets and these control various other funding schemes along with social care funding (Glendinning et al., 2008). The funding schemes include access to work, supporting people, living independently, disabled facilities and grants as well as integrated community equipment services. A National Pilot Study on Individual Budgets took place in the year of 2007- 2008, it was observed that around 14% of the people were found to be with mental health condition (Glendinning et al., 2008). The pilot study concluded that people who receive individual budgets experienced much higher levels of independence and were more likely to commission their worth(predicate) support from the main stream community services instead of specialist ones (Bamber, Flanagan 2008). This application offered a better mental health support need along with the flexibility in comparison to other formal services or direct payments (Glendining et al., 2008 Manthrope et al., 2008). Many barriers were observed with Personal and Individual budgets in relation to the mental health field. The difference between the funding in relation to health and social care can also form a major barrier to the maturation individual budgets in mental health (Glendinning et al., 2008). In addition, the following points need to be implemented within Residential care Homes in offering a personalised approachPerson and relationship centered care and support at the cheek of the service offered.As the care home setting is considered to be as a community, the residents or the staff actively searches the various available opportunities to develop an effective relationship (Carey 2003 Bradley 2005).The managers working in care homes need to be sure that the existing services respond to the needs and should look for the opportunities to diversify the offered services.Staff should learn that people has a live and breathe culture which is actively involved in promoting personalised services in a way by offering maximum choice and control for the peopl e who are living in care homes (Cestari et al., 2006).Residents need to possess the accessibility to all the information and advices as they need to make certain informed decisions including those pertaining to advocacy matters (Cestari et al., 2006).Team work and effective communication is needed with the people in care homes.Staff development programs and the quality assurance systems must be introduced as they are considered to be crucial in offering a positive outcome.Care home managers should be nicely fit(p) in order to understand the potential needs of the local communities. Effective leadership work should be carried out in a collaborative manner with the people who are using these services along with their families and carers involved in design and delivery of services (Spandler 2004).Assessing self directed approaches along with allocation of budgets (Cestari et al., 2006).If a disabled person lacks capacity in choosing a direct payment or any other option, the local auth orities must help them in undertaking a best interested solution and decisions (Ridley, Jones 2002).ConclusionThe applications of principles of personalisation with the mental care residential homes share a lot of core values (Carmichael, Brown 2002 Ridley, Jones 2002 Spandler, 2004 Spandler, Vick 2004 Cestari et al, 2006 Taylor, 2008) The Mental Capacity Act (MCA) laid down in 2005 supports the practices and principles of personalisation by empowering many people in undertaking their own decisions. It also helps the mentally disabled people in taking their own decisions as much as possible (Spandler, Vick 2004). But in principle, this may not seem to be possible as the people lack mental ability and the individuals need play a very crowing role in decision making processes that can only directly detect them. The first seek study underpinning this approach was carried out by Norah Fry Research Centre at the Bristol University in 2008-2009 (Philips, Waterson 2002). The study sugges ted that people experiencing mental health problems and distress need to possess a better choice and control over their care (Carey 2003 Bradley 2005).The Personalisation Agenda in United Kingdom has more to offer in the field of mental health as it challenges the way through which health condition is perceived (Payne 2000). To implement the principles, the outlandish need to support a social model in understanding the mental health condition and must recognize the important social factors that play a key role in contributing to that condition (Beresford, Wallcraft, 1997 Brewis, 2007).Thus effective and proactive leadership from the managers in senior position along with the direct payment support agencies could help in creating awareness within the general public and thereby aid in developing expertise (Newbigging, Lowe 2005). Therefore, in the context of mental health, it can be understood that a move towards the direction of personalisation indicates a move towards a feeling of independent living philosophy (Vick, Spandler 2006). assorted projects need to be developed to support that move and various practical tools must be designed to effectively meet the challenges associated to the mental health field. In particular we need to aim in developing strategies that encourage champions amongst various other service users, forums for discussions and networking in a way that progress can be made in overcoming the challenges to personalisation in mental health field. In addition issues of negligence pertaining to poverty and inequality, its tripping conception regarding individuals utilizing social care work services, its view on welfare dependency and its potential for promotion as an alternative of challenging the depersonalisation in relation to social work, need to be tackled effectively in order to meet its future aims and objectives.

Social Effects Of The Industrial Revolution

Social Effects Of The industrial whirlingindustrial means using machines to call forth. novelty means changing things whirlpoolning top down. (Hepplewhite and Campbell,2002) The industrial Revolution brought about the agreements of action and the production way had changed from home-based render manufacturing to swel direct-scale factory. It was took place in England in the late eighteenth century. It is a production and technological regeneration. The invention of machinery and application as a symbol of this era. The great turning points in human history may be the British Industrial Revolution (Holmes, 2000). The technological change the kinds of different earthly concern of natural knowledge (Mokyr, 1999). In the eighteenth century heap who lived in Britain earning by work on the land. The conditions of life and labour had changed in sm every(prenominal)(a) difference of configuration, sub-soil and climate. several(prenominal) earlier inventions failed because of incomplete ideas, early(a) founder materials were non to hand because of lack of skill on workers (Ashton, 1961). In the middle of the 18th century, the British bourgeois revolutionaries everywherethrew the British feudal autocracy. The constitutional monarchy system was established. The Britain became the rootage country which the bourgeoisie dominated the nation in the world. As a result, the prerequisite of Industrial Revolution was promoted during this clip. This report lead describe the causes of the Industrial Revolution and effects on social life during the Industrial Revolution. It will be divided into three parts. Firstly, analysis the cause of the Industrial Revolution. Secondly, scheme the effects of Industrial Revolution on social. Thirdly, the inventions during the Industrial Revolution will be evaluated.2. Analysis the Cause of Industrial RevolutionThe population change magnitude in the 18th century (Oakland, 2006). The populate had to look for more food for idea and goods. The agricultural economy had changed into industrial country. People had to find brisk ways to increase production. Therefore, the people who came from the countries were looking for the jobs in city factories. Some of the villages field had became into the manufacturing centres (Oakland, 2006).The new inventionsNew machines were invented during that measure. The production of farms and factories ways had changed. So the production was change magnitude more quickly than before (Hepplewhite and Campbell, 2002). For example, the spinning jenny which was invented by throng Hargreaves could spin 120 threads at one time (Hepplewhite and Campbell, 2002). And pile Watt invented the steam engine using it to create new course of action of powering. The new inventions changed the production ways and many another(prenominal) inventions from this period are simmer down use in dashrn society.The colonies overseas and labourThe overseas colonies were invest up by the Europeans and the cheap labour could outwit easily from the colonies. This increase the speed of the production and they could sell more goods. They could also get cheaper in the buff materials from the colonies to produce cheaper goods (Mokyr, 1999). Many factory workers were children. The supervisors were treated them badly and they had to worked for long time everyday. The children were young and they had earned few pence to afford food. The labour had suffered the worse financial life condition during that time.The capitalists expand their businessIn drift to earn ofttimes(prenominal) money, the capitalists had to expand their business and produce more goods. They needed to find a quicker way to produce more goods. The capitalists who played important roles and helped the Industrial Revolution grow speedy. They became one of the most powerful forces in Britain, squash more surplus value out of the labour (Yale, 2010).The feudalism and monopoly were finishThe Europe feud alism and the monopoly of the upper classes were ended. People could have opportunity to involving in more trades. The reason why they need of goods increase was that they had to earn much money and more goods. They precious the factories to produce goods faster so that they could get more goods.( Mokyr, 1999)3. The Industrial Revolution Effects on the SocialAdvantages3.1.1 The capitalist economyThe capitalism possibly was grown by the technology change (Science Encyclopaedia, 2010). in the beginning the Industrial Revolution, the people who lived in Britain might suffer from the worse tint of living conditions. The industrialist affected the decline of the traditional handicraft. Some scientists had come up with mind and invented several new productions. Owing to the new inventions, the facilities of production were alter. The factories used the latest facilities to produce and benefited from the technology changed. The system of manufacturing promoted the capitalism built up dur ing the Industrial Revolution (Freeman, 2010).3.1.2 Social structureThe nations social structure was changed during the revolution (Science Encyclopaedia, 2010). Before the Revolution the majority of the people lived in small villages, works in agriculture or workshops. Their hands were treated as functional tools in that time. In fact, about three quarters of Britains population lived in the countryside, and the pre plethoric occupation was farming (Foster, 1979).However, during the industrial revolution there were many people worked at the new factories. These have to move to towns and cities in order to be close to their new jobs. It also meant that they worked for a long time alone got the less money from the industrialists. As the 75% of early workers were women and children, they had to trip out to work (Stearns, 1991). Most classes ultimately benefited from the huge proceeds that were macrocosm made, and most workers were got better wages by 1820.3.1.3 The new mode of pro duction and technologyThe advanced mode of production and technology had send all over the world, the old system and ideas were impacted. Factory owners controlled the means of production promptly became rich. The new technologies inspired the economic growth. As a result, the goods produced and a have for raw materials which through Europe increased during the 19th century (Haberman). Some of these European countries led nations to look for colonies abroad in which to trade and produce goods. Many of these countries around the world accepted the industrial ideas, the new mode of production and technology were used gradually in the rest of the world.Disadvantages3.2.1 contaminationWith the development of the industrialization and urbanization, both of the developed and the developing countries started to exploit the graphic resources. For example, in the elan vital field, the coal, oil and gas are both to support the factories and run their transport system. The coal as the ma in source of energy in the factories at the time used. In order to run the machines, the workers should profess the coal burnt to heat the wet which could power the steam engines. big(a) amounts of carbon particles were released into the atmosphere (Oracle). Water pollution was another prime job during the time of the revolution. The factories dumped the toxic industrial refuse into the rivers thereby contaminating the water system. The industrial revolution had been beneficial to the economy, raising standards of life style and producing new goods. But it had also brought about almost problems in the ecological system of earth (Oracle).3.2.2 OverpopulationPopulation, its growth, stability or decline, and its relationship to economic growth (Hartwell, 1971). Because of the Industrial Revolution, many factories employed the labour to work and the people who lived in the countries wanted to move to the city for jobs.Due to the Industrial Revolution, the population growth in eight eenth century and probably increased 75 per cent over the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (Hartwell, 1971).3.2.3 The poor sanitary conditionApproximately 50% of infants were died before the age of two during the early Industrial Revolution (Stearns, 1991). Their working hours were longer. The working hours usually from six in the morning until eight-thirty in the evening. A six-day week was not uncommon. Work places were often poorly ventilated, over-crowded, and replete with safety device hazards. Men, women, and children were employed at survival wages in dangerous and insanitary environments. The Miserable working condition and the different kinds of pollution affected the peoples health (Foster, 1979).The Important Inventions during the Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution was created some significant scientific inventions which were led to the mechanization of the textile industry, improved railway networks and improvement of iron making techniques. There are s ome inventions still used in modern times (Holmes, 2000).4.1 Spinning jenny assJames Hargreaves Spinning Jenny in 1766. The first machines could only spin 8 threads save were soon improved to spin snow threads (Hepplewhite and Campbell, 2002). These machines were so small that working in the cottages and rapidly increased production. It is an important invention in the industrialization of the textile industry.4.2 Water under courseRichard Arkwrights water frame was a successful inventor. The water frame was bought by owners all over Britain (Hepplewhite and Campbell, 2002). The Water frame was a large wheel and it was turned by running water. This was made the machinery work in factories. This invention led to the building of a number of factories and is regarded as the furtherance of the Industrial Revolutions development.4.3 The Steam EngineIn suffer of the first steam engine was developed over fifty age before the industrial revolution, the Industrial Revolution had made a massive impact on improvements and revisions. James Watts development of the steam engine led to a great number of further developments. the new form of powering a machine could be used anywhere to create energy (Hepplewhite and Campbell, 2002). inductionTo sum up, the Industrial Revolution was a real revolution. It had consolidated the dominant position of bourgeois. The Industrial Revolution changed the life of people and the way people lived for a long time. During the Industrial Revolution many people thought there were several negative effects but there were in truth some positive effects in the Industrial Revolution. Furthermore, technology had spread all over the world and ideas had changed. Industrial Revolution was an outburst of new inventions in Britain and in other parts of the world. Many inventions from this period are still used today. During this time scientists and inventors changed the way humans thought, lived, and worked. It provided a better opportunity to ex press the opinions for someone who had new ideas. Because of the breakthroughs in science and manufacturing, a portion of society was able to grow healthier and wealthier. On the other hand, the new industrialization made the majority of society might pass on the price. The successes of the technological changes were so profound internationally. So the Britain became the worlds leading power, as a result of the Industrial Revolution, for more than a century. The Industrial Revolution has a historic significance in these hundreds years. The people who lived in the developed countries but also the developed countries are benefited from the revolution. It is a meaningful revolution for Britain but as well in all over the world.

Problems Approaching Ancestral Worship In The Korean Protestant Religion Essay

Problems Approaching inheritable Worship In The Korean Protestant Religion Es severalizeThis study will examine the ch all toldenges in the Korean Protestant community transaction with transmissible faith. S byh Korea still clay to be a smashed Confucianism state, which contains rich organisations of rituals. so far since the Protestant church rejects all works of contractable morality it has be arrest a serious troubles in the Korean Christian community. more or less families within the Christian community still remains to per class inherited adore and others have switched to chudoyebe. The question of the day is, is contagious worship a sin to honor your p argonnts? The grade-up will reveal bran- crude ideologies towards patrimonial worship in the Korean content, starting with the keyword transmitted worship (jesa). first of all lets determine whether ancestral worship fits into the Korean ritual practice of their roots. This paper will distinguish between the ancient practices with the contemporary practices. Normally, this worship is practice eight times a year on the d buryh accountization days from the quartetth generation beyond his pargonnts and the other four includes seasonal worker holidays.1M either scholars who studied theme worship identify in that location argon dickens types of fierynesss (good or benevolent ancestor and evil spirit or ghost). These distinctions are do through the cause of their death. For sheath pretty spirits is when a many an(prenominal) unrivaled commits suicide or dies in an apoplexy and it is predicted that these spirits wonder around the world and do harm to mess. However good spirits protect their descendants and family and these deaths are normal deaths.2 except the contemporary ancestral worship has changed in recent years. Confucian funerals are no desireer technical since it deals with complex stages.3This represents a huge renewal in our cabaret concepts, values, and nor ms of funeral had changed which rump imply our society is changing. Therefore we idler withal examine if ancestral worship had changed.Ancestral Worship in KoreaKorea is cognize for its mixture of beliefs, such as up to the 14th degree centigrade Korea was a Buddhist country up to the 14th century. During the Joseon dynasty (1392) the government espouse Korea as a Confucian government and even today Korea is unmatched of the most Confucianism countries in East Asia. Ancestral worship is single of the four important Confucian rituals and it is prevalent in many countries around the world. The families move in regular visits to their ancestral graves and carry out the ritual. Korean families who perform these rituals perform during January 1 (sul), August 15 (chusok, lunar calendar), Hansik Day in March.Funeral ceremonys in a Confucianism usage is when a psyche dies, the bole is brought to the family and is get dressed in a fairly cloth. The churlren therefore will w atch at the deathbed and is to satiate obligations such as writing have the abide words of their parent. day of the month and time is very important at death, for archetype they will rear the clean cloth before the late breathe. When the death is confirmed, ornaments are removed(p) and hair is loosened and the children exclaim bitterly. ace of the family member will wee-wee the upper garment and go outside facing north and salary increase up on the roof and title the dead person person name and plagiarize the name pok which means return (this is called ko bok).4When these ceremony is over the family prepares fodder for the messenger (saja) who escorts the dead body to the other world (the nutriment is active with 3 shankls of sift, vegetables, soy sauce, notes and three pairs of straw dress). then(prenominal) the body is removed from the deathbed and the body is turned to the north and thumbs are laced together. The lamenter will put solely put one weapon of upper garment (left side if it is father and right side if it is baffle). A person who is experience will make a spirit called honbaek with guide and paper. These string and paper is fixed on a small disaster called honbaek (spirit box).People believe in three spirits and seven slightlyones. One will disappear with the messenger after death, one will blockage with the body, and the other will wander around the world. The spirit box protects this choke spirits. The seven souls are two eyes, two nostrils, two ears and the mouth. These seven souls are attached to the body after death.The next important stage is deglutition washing of the body of the dead soul. One man will bring warm water brewed with mugwort or juniper and other helpers will hold the corners which was utilize to cover the body. The body will be washed with a clean piece of cloth that has been soaked in water.5When the washing process is finished, sense nails and hair is cut and placed into a four small b ags known as choballang, which later is placed into the coffin.After the body is washed, the corpse is dressed in grave clothes and before the face is covered, a person will place rice on the corpse mouth and say a hundred sacks of rice and second time, a thousand sacks of rice and for the last time ten thousand sacks of rice. After this is done, a fall in placed on the mouth.The body is bounded with a immense cloth known as yom, where both sides are twisted so that friends and family layabout put money into the twisted surgical incision. This body is used to walkway the twelve gates of the other world. Then the corpse is placed into the coffin, where the body is covered with coverlets (two coverlets are used one is called the coverlets of flat coat and the second one is called coverlet of heaven). The deceased person clothes are placed into the coffin. The coffin is bound with a straw rope around its upper, middle, and lower parts.After the coffin is bound, a screen is placed in front of the coffin and a braggy red cloth (the deceased name) is hung. A small table is placed where the spirit box is displayed, sometimes there are materials that the deceased person uses.There are five different bods of clothes (obok), The chief mourner wears the coat, hat, and leggings which are made all from hemp. The mourner of necessity to have a cane made from bamboo if his father has died and a cane made from paulownia if the mother deceased. When approaching the deceased, there will be three dedications of wine and two ritual bows. After this performance, the person meets with the deceased family. Food and wine is served to the people who comes to visit the funeral and at all times the visitor wears black clothing.The last ceremony is when the four men will carry the coffin and tremble it slowly up and down the four corners of the room and this is suppose to stab evil from the room.The first ceremony of requiem is held on the day of the interment in front of the m ourning enshrine. The second rite and the third rite follow. These rites are called samu-je. After these rites the process of ancestor worship follows the normal way, to wit three dedications of a glass of wine and two bows.After three months is selected to perform the chokoh-che or final rite of weeping. People are allowed to weep continuously and after this time the mourners weeps exactly three times a day when he/she dedicates meals. The day after the final rite of weeping, the rite of attachment of the ancestor tablet (pi-ju) is held in cases where there is a family shrine for the ancestors at home. With the rite of the new deceased becomes an ancestor of the family. The first day of remembrance of the death is called sosang (small commemoration) and the second death anniversary is called taesang (large commemoration). When this is done properly that he will perform the rite of good fortune on the one hundredth day after large commoration.These methods and rituals portray neg ativity in the Christian community nonetheless we should know it also represents a peculiar(prenominal) relationship with the family. There are three importance of ancestral worship, 1. Tradition-this is how our ancestor have lived and its a continuation of our traditions byeing on to the next generation. 2. filial propriety (hyo)- Korean system is made up with Confucian structure, for example younger people bow down to elders. The Korean social system is hierarchy with age. Therefore the term attentiveness portrays solidly in the system. 3. Inter-family relations-the family can come together during the ritual time and spent time with their family. For example this would be thanksgiving in the United States, where food is prepared for all families.Re-examining the terminology ancestral worshipThe Catholic perform started to understand the Korean farming after 1900. A new paradigm was made towards ancestral worship. Father Thomas Anthony and Father Chang Song were ignorant abo ut biography rituals. Foreigners saw memorial ritual as an idol worship. When Korea was colonized by Japan and Koreans were forced to believe Shinto, Catholic had greater understandings of rituals and traditions. Bowing down was a trouble alone eating the food was a problem to the Christian community. Later, St. Paul said, Now, the matter about food offered to idols. It is true, of course, that all of us have knowledge as they say. Such knowledge, however, puffs a man up with pride but love builds up. The person who think he knows something really doesnt know as he ought to know. But the man who loves is known by him. So then man who loves graven image is known by him. So then, about eating the food offered to idols We know that an idol stand for something that doesnt hold up we know there is only the one God. Even if there are so called gods whether in heaven or on earth, and even though there are many these gods and lords yet there is for us only one God, Jesus Christ, whom all things were created and through whom we live. (Pauls premier Letter to the Corinthians, 81-6).6This is was the starting point, when Catholic community started to understand the implication that arises when taking something special from a goal and resolved this problem by accepting their culture. Unless the memorial rites are resolved, Korea will be hard country to send missionaries.The Catholic church accepted memorial rites (ancestral worship) under certain conditions and proscribe some issues regarding memorial rites. They accepted 1. Bowing before the body, a tomb, and photograph of the rock-bottom and a table bearing the name of the deceased. 2. Incense burning during a ritual before the body. 3. Preparing meals for the memorial rites. However they prohibited any cordial of cooked or water soaked rice, paper money, shellfish or a pearl into the mouth of the dead person. 2. Offering three pairs of straw shoes for the underworld guides. 3. Cannot call out the name of dec eased outside for the his soul which may be hovering in the sky. 4. Prohibits the radicall that the dead comes to the table to eat the food and lastly chanting any prayers during the memorial rite is prohibited.7The Korean Protestant came up with an alternative which was called chudoyebe.. It was a Christian memorial operate for their family. This memorial service was to replace ancestral worship. Christians were prohibited to perform Confucian ancestral ritual on the anniversary of heir ancestors death. It would be carelessness to their parents and ancestors if nothing happened. The chudoyebe was first introduced when Dr. J. W Heron modernizeed away in July 1980.8The new Christian method to replace ancestral rite spread on the Korean Protestant. It included seven sections hymns, opening prayer, reading from passages, recollection of the deceased, other hymn, silent prayer and the prayer of dismissal.9Christian homes were encouraged to carry out chudoyebe instead of practicing ancestral worship. However the dilemma here is, Korean Christians practice ancestral worship according to the 2005 government consensus. According to Professor Chang won Parks article on Between God and ancestors ancestral practice in Korean Protestantism 77.8 percent of the Korean population practice ancestral worship but looking in the total Korean population, Christians make up 29 percent. Therefore we can conclude that Christians participate in ancestral practices. The Korean protestant community needs to acknowledge somethings cannot be taken away and perhaps accepting the culture and tradition faculty increase the Christian population.The Catholic church understanding of the Korean culture has changed over time. Ancestral worship has defined another terminology to memorial rites. There were little minor revisions to fit into the Catholic Church however the culture and traditions has not changed hallowificantly. The Korean Protestant church also needs to revise some parts o f the memorial rites since Christians in Korea still remains to carry out memorial rites and it is impossible for the Christian population to sustain without tradition and values of their culture such as ancestral worship (memorial rites).Implications with the Protestant ChurchThere are three reasons why the protestant missionaries rejected ancestor worship. They first thought the religious sacrifice to the deceased spirit was in conflict with the commandants. 1st Commandant states, You shall have no other gods before Me, and the second commandant states, You shall not make for yourself a carved imageany likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth.Secondly, even though the ancestor worship supported the tenet of the immortality of the soul, the protestant missionaries did not accept the idea of how the soul could reside in a tablet in shrine, also eat the food after the worship was over, bless the deceased. The ideology that the ancestors four generations souls exist is the opposite of what the Christian teaching tell. The Christian news states there are two locations after death (heaven and hell).Thirdly, the belief that ancestral worship degraded women and accepting the first born male or sons as the heir to continue the family linage created problems. Therefore the Christian were also prohibited to eat the food or touch the food during the ritual. This was also repeated through missionaries because the bible states eating sacrificial food is against the will of God as worshipping the idol (this passage is in I Corinthians 1021, Acts 1529 and revelations 214).The missionaries and the church stately clear to prohibit the ancestral worship through published tracts, which stated it is a form of devotedness this chronicle was called the Nevius Errors of Ancestor Worship, even though the Protestant church understands filial piety, they believed the best method was to perform good while the parents were still alive. This document failed to address any alternative method to serve after the parents passed away.This caused many criticizes to the public. In September 1, 1920 there was a written article on this issue in Dongah Daily. Refusing and prohibiting ancestor worship was a social problem and it portrayed Christians that filial piety no longer existed. Any bows to a lower place the waist was an act of ancestor worship to any kind of picture. This made Korean Christians uncomfortable since they could not perform any scrape of respect after their parents had passed away (their loyalty was not expressed to the ones they loved).A reinvigorated Paradigm for Ancestral WorshipAs the Catholic Church, the Protestant Church must acknowledge the ancestral worship. At this time lets call the ancestral worship as deceased memorial rites because it can be referred to as tradition and culture instead of religion. First we must discuss what is congenial and not acceptable t o the deceased memorial rites. The bible has different passages against the deceased memorial rites however as mentioned many times in this paper, these tradition has existed before and after the missionaries had arrived in Korea. Therefore it is best if there was some solutions found between the Korean society and the Protestant Church.The Korean society filial piety is very important, as seen in many places, Korean people bow down to everyone. Starting from birth and the age of five, the child bows down to parents and families members. During the pre develop years, the teacher is the higher authority in school whence students show respect to the teachers, this goes on to college. The important idea here is everyone, who is older is respected and younger generations are taught to bow and show some kind of respect. Even in the Korean church, we bow down to pastors, elders, deacons and Sunday school teachers as a sign of respect. If you deny to bow down then its shows a sign of dis respect so the question here is we bow down in our daily life however once our elders pass away then that principle is taken away from us. Therefore this section of the paper will discuss these ideas of what not to do and what should be allowed.First lets start with bowing down to the deceased family members, this should be allowed because it shows some sign of respect for taking care of their children. The Korean society spends massive money on their children especially education and if the deceased family are forgotten and not taken care of after their death how will the grandchildren remember their family members. Secondly, as the Catholic church states also, we should allow incense burning and the stage of preparing food should be allowed. It is the least that a son or daughter can do for their deceased however it shouldnt be only the son (heir) but the whole family members. The women shouldnt be degraded in part of the deceased memorial rites.The second part is what should not be done in the deceased memorial rites. Descentants should not believe in spirits, for example thinking that the deceased will come down to eat the food. The memorial rite should only be done as a sign of respect and not for believing spirits. The whole idea of calling out the name to call the spirit, sending out messengers, escorts, giving them the straw shoes, the toll money to pass the gates should be all prohibited. The ideology of spirits should be modest and as mentioned before it is for fulfill filial piety and to show sign of respect to the parents. These cannot be all the ideas however the purpose here is to come up with some solution for the Korean Protestant Church so that it does not cause any more social problems or dilemmas quick as a Korean Christian.ConclusionThe Korean Protestant Church faced tremendous dilemma towards ancestral worship and even today, these issues are not resolved. Within Christian families, ancestral worship is still practiced and some perform c hudoyebe. The Catholic Church later reversed ancestral worship and accepted the Korea tradition and ritual however the Korean Protestant Church is far from creating a new understanding of Korea. If the Korean Protestant Church maintains to accept ancestor worship as a form of idolatry then the Christian population will continue to decline. If artless changes and revisions were made such as deceased spirit is alive and since the bible states clearly that they cannot communicate with the living and there is only heaven or hell after death. For example the family cannot believe in any forms of spirits. The deceased memorial rites is a sign of respect and there cannot be any belief regarding spirits. It is not that simple of course but what I am trying to get through is compromise and understanding of each culture and traditions since Korea is unlikely to give up ancestral rites for a very long time. This paper has examined the background of Korean Ancestral Worship and explained why i t requisite to re-examine this terminology in the Korean context and lastly it explained the implications with the Korea Protestant Church. Every culture is different and unique and its our culture that shapes and molds our identity. Confucianism had been in Korea for a very long time and still holds and exists in our community. A new paradigm and understanding is need in our multicultural environment for the Korean Protestant Church to survive.

Womens Engagement in Politics

Womens Engagement in Politics wherefore atomic number 18 in that location relatively few women engaged in g everyplacenmental body play?IntroductionIt is evident that women are underrepresented in g exclusively overnment and in general do non engage in political activity in the analogous numbers as men do. Various explanations open been utilize to explain this phenomenon entrenched variety on the give away of nominee selectors, elect possible action as well as the Supply and take on Model. This paper visits each explanation in turn finding virtually rank in each. Finally, the design is made that another possibility is that the form has been created by men for men. When put ups and constitutions were created in todays developing countries, women did not have the discipline to vote, own property or engage in any political activity. Therefore, one could argue that the terms of the well-disposed agitate on which liberal democracies are based are male- centric a nd do not allow for the tinge image of women.Theoretical PerspectivesWomen and Democracybeyond the basic interpretation of majority rule as rule by the raft, scholars have noted that state has evolved, changing over season and shoes and responding to evolution in macrocosm affairs. As explained by Meny it is commonly authoritative that democracy has varied over time, evolving from a rather elitist and restrictive influence to a to a greater extent open and participatory form of organisation (Meny, 2002, p.10). dahl identifies three evolutionary waves, or transformations of democracy, from the Greek city- state to the republic and at last to the nation- state (Dahl, 1989).Furthermore, Dahl identifies the basic criteria for a popular process as effective participation, voting comparability at the decisive stage, enlightened understanding, chasten of the agenda by the throng, and equal opportunity (Dahl, 1989). Effective participation is the destiny for citizens to ha ve an equal chance of expressing preference for the political out shape up, and their choice should be weighed as equal to that of any other citizen. Enlightened understanding bureau that citizens should be informed in their choice and have an understanding of the organisation.At first glance, gum olibanumly, one would be surprised with the arguments posed by about feminists that standard definitions of democracy such as the above are discriminative against women and legitimize a gender- biased system. Waylen asserts democracy defined in these shipway be come outs a political method s demand an institutional arrangement to let and legitimize leadership (Waylen, 1994, p.332). To help us understand statements desire these, we should subscribe the distinction among different kinds of par and the historic in equivalence republi place systems have imposed on women. There is an important distinction in the midst of equality of opportunity and equality of result. If a system merely aims at equality of opportunity then giving women the right to vote and come away as trickdidates would be an end in itself alone if equality of result is sought, then one would see that external factors diminish the value of equality of opportunity (Karam ed. 1998).A historic overview of democracy reveals that as a system in application, it is embedded with inequality. The democrats in ancient Greece excluded women, slaves and immigrants and con side of meatred foreigners to be barbarians and hence inferior to the Greeks. At a minimum, democracy requires that people have the right to vote, and this right was not given to women until recently 1919 in West Germany, 1920 in the USA, 1921 in the UK and 1971 in Switzerland (just to name a few examples of developed and democratic states).In accounting for this inequality, Feminists emphasize the concept of patriarchy and the distinction between the public and private sphere. patriarchy1 means rule by fathers and mainstream p olitical possibleness argues that this system has been obsolete and no largeer n existence since more than three hundred years ago. Feminists, however, have always been pointing out that it all the same exists. Pateman argues that patriarchy has been replaced by fraternity2 by dint of the establishment of the complaisant contract.Patriarchy has its free-baseations in the separation between the public and the private sphere, thereby holding women confined in the private sphere, removed from politics The division of public and private life as one that differentiates the woman (private) from the man (public) is the overarching ideologic tool of patriarchy (Corrin 1999 quoting Eisenstein 1984).Liberal DemocracyThis system aims to check two the tyranny of the majority and the abuse of role by a government, ordinarily through a system of checks and balances. The system merely aims at equality of opportunity (and not equality of result or of condition) and accountability through voting. It assumes that society consists of a plurality of interests which compete with each other over influence over political outcomes. As a result of this tilt a stalemate whitethorn occur which means little or piece meal change to the system endure be achieved and thus the status quo perpetuates.This model embraces the distinction between the public and private sphere. 3 Feminists therefore criticize liberal democracy and assert that inequalities between husband and wife reduce the value of political life for women. Feminists also olfactory perception that a gender- neutral approach to citizenship (as is proposed by liberal democracy) actually serves to exclude women. Phillips argues that concepts such as the one-on-one, citizenship, rights etc are male categories (Phillips, 1991).Participatory DemocracyThis model requires social equality and emphasizes participation. It challenges the private- public distinction and proposes that for democracy to be meaningful in the publ ic sphere there must also be democracy in the private sphere. Feminists agree that voting is not enough and that there must be discussion and participation. However, feminists argue that this model also creates an elite of active citizens. As trustworthy categories of women such as housewives have little free time, they are less able to be active in public affairs and would therefore be disadvantaged. elect(ip) TheoryElite theory assumes that throughout history there has been a separate of people who rule and the rest who are ruled by them. Essentially this theory is about power and its distribution. Gaetano Mosca argues that the existence of the elite and its dominance depends on its organizational position and abilities. Mosca recalls that the more organized minority will prevail over the less organized majority. Mosca distinguishes between an upper stratum elite (small convention of political decision- makers) and a lower stratum of the elite, who perform lesser political f unctions. Mosca saw elite- formation as inevitable if the wad were to rise against the elite and replace it in government, another small group would rise from indoors the masses and prevail over the rest. Mosca saw elite theory and democracy as compatible (Rush, 1992).Michels drew upon Moscas iron law of oligarchy and argued that like all other organizations, political parties are dominated by their leadership. Pareto diverges from the Marxist notion that the elite are defined in economic terms, and argues sooner that it is human attributes such as motivation and abilities which define it (Rush, 1992).Political enlistingThe S pick ProcessNorris and Lovenduski identify three levels of analyzing political enlisting a) dictatorial factors such as the legal system, the electoral system and the companionship system, which desexualise the context for analysis, b) context- setting factors such as party organization, rules and ideology, c) factors influencing charterly the recruitmen t of individual expectations such as resources and motivations of applicants and the attitudes of gatekeepers (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995).The recruitment process is generally evaluated by testing whether the system is democratic (involving local activists and grassroots members), whether it is fair (treating all applicants equally), whether it is efficient (as a decision- making process) and whether it is effective in producing candidates of a proud standard (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995).There are six main types of pickaxe process and these are 1) at large(p)- centralized, where constitutional mechanisms may be in place but in essence patronage controls outcomes and rules are largely symbolic 2) informal regional where factions bargain in order to get good positions for their candidates, 3) informal- localized where the decision over which selection cognitive operation will be used depends on local groups and therefore procedures vary and the system is open to role by smal l groups 4, 5) formal- centralized/ formal- regional where party leaders at national or at regional level have the power to choose candidates and 6) formal- localized where constitutional rules and guidelines create a standard procedure and all applicants are treated equally (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995).According to Norris and Lovenduski in the long term the main change in recruitment within British parties has been in process rather than power. There has been a gradual evolution from an informal- localized system based on patronage in the nineteenth century towards more formal- localized system today based on more meritocratic standards (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995, p.5).Supply and inviteIn analyzing trends in political recruitment, Norris and Lovenduski present the Supply and Demand Model based on a supply and direct model, the study distinguishes between the factors influencing the supply of candidates willing to come precedent and the factors influencing the demand of party selectors in making their decisions ((Norris and Lovenduski, 1995, p.14). On the Demand side, selectors choose based on perceptions of the candidates abilities, experience etc. Such perceptions can be affected by dissimilitude and stereotyping either in a positive r in a negative way. Direct discrimination is judging people as members of groups instead of as individuals. Imputed discrimination amounts to selectors favouring reliable categories of candidates e.g. women or racial minorities (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995).On the Supply side, selectors may argue that current categories of people such as women do not come forward as candidates. Motivation and constrained resources may affect potential candidacies. Also, demand and supply are inter-related some may be deterred from coming forward out of fear of discrimination (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995).Applied to the case of women, the Demand side proposes that women may have lower resources in terms of money and time as well as low er levels of political ambition and bureau. On the supply side, selector may employ direct or imputed discrimination against women the basic problem is that selectors are not enthusiastic about women candidates. They believe the electorate does not want them. They do not see women as having the same commitment as men. They do not know how to categorize them in short, they apply different standards (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995, p.115 quoting Mitchell 1982).Party SelectionIn the Conservative Party, hobby the Chelmer Report 1972 the rules guiding procedures were revised. This slightly strengthened the role of party members at the expense of the constituency executive committee. In 1980 the Conservative Central Office introduced managerialist selection boards to scrutinize candidates on the Approved List before they could apply. These boards aimed to produce meliorate quality candidates and fairer procedures (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995).The Labour general party modernization in the mid-eighties included selection rules reform. Thus, there was a mandatory reselection for incumbents, a formalized selection procedure and power shifted downwards to an electoral college of all members. To come on more women candidates the Party altered short listing rules and introduced more tuition programs (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995). For the general election 1997 Labour introduced women-only shortlists whereby a proportion of local parties were essential to shortlist only women candidates for selection. The policy was then withdrawn as it was found in breach of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975.The electoral ashesAccording to Norris and Lovenduski the British electoral system is commonly seen as lend towards the localism of the selection process, by strengthening the links between individual MPs and their constituency (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995, p.28). The British first- pass- the post system is based on a 651 plurality, single member districts and opportunities are dete rmined by the number of seats. Voters can vote for or against individual candidates, but have no secernate over who is placed before them as a candidate (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995).The incumbency turnover except constrains opportunities to enter parliament. The rise of careerism whereby MPs enter parliament at a younger age and see their position as a career further supports this proposition. The party system is a further constraint traditionally the UK was considered a two- party system, but this has gradually been emasculated in the post- war period (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995).Conclusions Accounting for Womens Under federal agencyThe Discrimination ArgumentSome feel that women are discriminated against by part selectors discrimination by gatekeepers is probably one of the most common explanations of the social bias in our parliament (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995, p.123). However, it is difficult to establish proof of this discrimination. Others feel that at present the sy stem is open to women and explain the under representation in terms of structural constraints such as lack of confidence or the difficulty to combine family life with a career in politics (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995).There is also the argument that selectors may not be biased themselves, but may feel that the electorate has biased perceptions. Therefore, to avoid losing they do not select risky candidates such as women or ethnical minorities. In general, winning candidates are perceived as local, white, middle coterie and male perceptions of anticipated electoral gains and losses reflect, and thereby reinforce the paramount class and racial biases within parliament (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995, p.136).The Elite Theory argumentAn application of elite theory to liberal democracies at present, confirms the validity of this model. Electoral systems may mean that the voters do not have a veritable choice and that this lies in the hands of the selectorate, usually party officials stud ies in a number of countries show that in socio- economic terms the differences between fortunate and unsuccessful candidates are not great and that the selection of candidates is often in the hands of a small group of party leaders and activists (Rush, 1992, p.66).The societal Contract RevisitedNadezhda Shvedova identifies the difficulties women face in achieving equal representation in government political, socio-economic, and ideological/psychological obstacles (Karam ed. 1998). Political obstacles include the type of electoral system ( Shvedova believes proportional representation is better for increasing womens representation), prevalence of the virile model of political life e.g. the predator mentality that is supposedly transfer to women, and lack of party support. Arguments of socio-economic obstacles usually stem from the theory that higher development brings more democratization Ideological/psychological obstacles are the traditional social roles assigned to women and men, womens lack of confidence, the perception of politics as a dirty, and the way in which women are portrayed in the mass media.In risingly democratized countries mechanisms such as quotas have been devised to ensure equal representation. Quotas are introduced to make sure that women constitute a certain ploughshare of the members of a public body such as a candidate list, committee, parliament assembly, or government. They usually aim at achieving at to the lowest degree a critical minority of 30-40% for women (Karam ed. 1998). The three most common forms of these mechanisms are constitutional quotas which reserve seats in the national parliament for women, election law quotas which are written in national law, and political party quotas which are adopted by political parties to achieve a certain percentage of women as candidates.According to Dahlerup, History seems to prove that the instrumentation of a quota system is made easier in a unused political system than in an old er one, where most seats might be busy, and consequently a conflict may arise between the interests of new groups versus those of the incumbent (Karam ed. 1998). Countries that have implemented quotas for women are Uganda, South Africa, Argentina, Brazil, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Eritrea, Tanzania, Belgium, Italy and Namibia (Karam ed. 1998).An example of a newly democratized state where women played an important role in creating the institutions and the foundations of the state is South Africa. According to Seidman During the South African transition women activists played a surprisingly important role in the negotiations, in the elections, and in intent the new state. Womens participation is already leading to new approaches in policy making and, I will suggest, to the construction of a new vision of gendered citizenship (Seidman 1999, p. 288). This illustrates the ambiguous relationship between development and democracy, and the relationship between the role played by women i n freedom or liberty struggles and their subsequent role in the new state. .However, it is more difficult to implement such mechanisms in older democracies where rules of procedure and systems are entrenched. Another dry land is that the liberal democratic model creates systems that are less gendered than the participatory democracy model, for example, would. This may not have been done to purposely discriminate against women it may be more about the general ideology of liberal democracy. A good illustration would be the case of the USA where the founding fathers of the American Constitution aimed at creating a free society. Free however, does not imply equal in resources or in condition. Liberal democracy can be therefore criticized because the state will strive to achieve the equality of disadvantaged people it is more likely to act as a neutral mediator or even observer in the free, pluralist system, where the strongest group/ elite will prevail. It therefore follows that in su ch a system, reforms to modify the representation of women in political activity will be piece-meal and gradual.ReferencesCorrin, C. (1999). Feminist Perspectives on Politics, Essex, Pearson Prentice Hall.Karam, A. (ed) (1998). Women in Parliament Beyond Numbers, Stockholm, International found for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA).Waylen, G. (2003), sexual urge and Transitions What Do We Know?, Democratisation, 10 (1), p. 157- 178.Waylen, G. (1994), Women and Democratisation Conceptualising Gender Relations in Transition Politics. World Politics, 46 (3), p. 327- 354.Seidman, G. (1999), Gendered Citizenship South Africas Democratic Transition and the Construction of a Gendered State, Gender and Society, 13 (3), p.287-307.Phillips, A. (1991), Engendering Democracy, Cambridge , Polity.Pateman, C. (1988), The Sexual Contract, Cambridge, Polity.Meny, Y. (2002), De la democratie en Europe Old Concepts and sore Challenges, Journal of Common Market Studies, 41 (1), p. 1-13.Dahl, R. (1989), Democracy and Its Critics, New harbor London, Yale University Press.Rush, M (1992), Democracy and its Critics, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Prentice Hall.Norris, P. and Lovenduski, J. (1995), Political Recruitment Gender, flow and Class in the British Parliament, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.1Footnotes1 Adrienne Rich defines patriarchy as a familial- social, ideological, political system in which men by force, direct pressure, or through ritual, tradition, law and language, customs, etiquette, education, and the division of labour, determine what part women shall or shall not play (Corrin 1999, p.8 quoting Rich 1997).2 Fraternity means rule by brothers and is seen by Feminists such as Pateman as equally discriminative against women as patriarchy3 Plato and Aristotle had made this distinction in their writings (Phillips, 1991)

Introduction To Sex Education Children And Young People Essay

Introduction To c alone forth Education Children And Young population EssayHave you ever made some questions similar What atomic number 18 the differences between a boy and a girl. or Why you charter special feelings when seeing a very hot girl, boy. For sure, not solely of you ask yourself something like that? And I still remember how shy my indigenous teacher was when I asked her how I had been born. These above questions seem so saucer-eyed but not every ace can answer it because of the shortage of hinge uponual k promptlyledge. In feature, grammatical gender pedagogics in Vietnam has not been a key blame in social education. That is also the reason why the rate of adults who fetch trouble with invoke and love argon increasing. invoke is a slender issue in Vietnam nowadays. Most of Vietnamese people atomic number 18 similarly shy to mention to awaken however, there is a deviation in inner awareness among Vietnamese tender. As the results, wake education sho uld be approved to teach at Vietnam High shallows in attempt to employ hold problems such as teenager pregnancy or abortion.II/ proboscisAccording to Avert Organization, Sex education, which is sometimes called exciteuality education or sex and relationships education, is the process of acquiring knowledge and forming attitudes and beliefs approximately sex, sexual identity, relationships and intimacy. Sex education is also about developing junior peoples skills so that they trace informed choices about their behavior, and feel confident and competent about acting on these choices.. It is also said that sex education is a book-guide final stage to servicemans sexual activities like reproduction, emotion, birth discover Providing this one is the trend we dedicate to teenagers the right information about matters which have an enormous contact on their.From modernly Western to mysteriously Oriental, sex education had been mentioned in legion(predicate) forms direct or indirect, official or in-official, all of it demonstrated that our theme initiated sex education like an essential subject not however for teenagers but also for adults as well. Because of the fact that Western countries preceded one pace on this issue, they have had an open point of view for this one. On contrast, both(prenominal) Asia area and Vietnam, sex education is something new and strange as the heathenish conception. From this result, it is definitely that this topic is rarely appeared on mass media or newspaper, up to now more than being ignored. This viewpoint was backward, and not had the good fit for bear witness with so legion(predicate) changes. On my opinion, sex education go out be the key to handle some issues on young people.In generally, sex education provides the embrace knowledge on safe sex or birth control. Implementing Sex Education pointed that sometimes, people mistakenly believe sex education refers only to sexual behavior (e.g., sexual intercour se) and not the undecomposed array of topics that comprise sexuality. These include information and concerns about abstinence, organic structure image, contraception, gender, human growth and development, human reproduction, pregnancy, relationships, safer sex (prevention of sexually communicable infections), sexual attitudes and values, sexual anatomy and physiology, sexual behavior, sexual health, sexual orientation, and sexual pleasure (Anonymous1,n.d). It is incumbent to understand about our sexuality, accomplish sexual health, and identify accurately like a part of our person. However, this receiving knowledge process will take a long time from being born to grow up. Parents and primary teachers take responsible as the first educators to provide the youth a boost and developmentally appropriate sexuality education. Ideally, sex education in school is an integrated education process that builds upon itself year after year, is initiated in kindergarten, and is provided throu gh and through grade 12. For example, a 2004 study carried out by National domain Radio demonstrated that more than 90 part of parents give sex education at schools. It also proved that the significantly of parents detected that sex education subject in their childrens school were either very subservient or somewhat adapt to their child in cope with sex (Anonymous1,n.d). As many reasons this concept has not been focused because people persuasion children better need to concentrate on study than this issue, and the impact of one is not relevant to their life. This backward thought drive to the popular fact almost children do not see exactly about their body or their physiology and sometimes they can act by rationally natural. riskiness to life, even more get to seriously wound appears at lots of case. Therefore helping children on sexuality play an important spot on sex education.Well-educated from guardians make children more confident and control their attitude better. Sex e ducation prevents the high rate of HIV, STDs inflection by intercourse neither. According to the statistics from PPFA (2012), teens are more sexually active now than before twenty-five percent of all girls and thirty-three percent of all boys have had sex by the age of fifteen. This is a very young age, and by age seventeen the statistics have grown to seventy-five percent of all girls and eighty-six percent of all boys (Anonymous, 2012). The same unbelievable information was researched by Institution of Population and Family pointed that the abortion rate at young women (from the age of 15 to 19) approximately 30 percent on overall, graded 5th on the world (Git mnh vi t l no, ph thai ca hc sinh, sinh vin, 2012). Potentially, schools provide a key prospect to reach large numbers of young people with sex, relationships and HIV education in ways that are replicable and sustainable in resource-poor settings. In many countries, young people will become sexually active duration they a re still attending school, making the setting even more important as an opportunity for the delivery of sex, relationships and HIV education. There are currently nearly 12 million young people in the world living with HIV. More than half of these young people are female. There are an estimated 2.3 million children (below the age of 15) living with HIV worldwide. With gravel to treatment, HIV-positive children can expect to develop into healthy adults who, at some point, will start having sexual relationships. For an HIV-positive young person who has never beneted from education programs about sex, relationships and HIV, these kinds of programs which assume all students are HIV-negative will not sufce. Furthermore, the implicit and permeative assumption that all students are HIV-negative can render invisible those who are living with HIV or AIDS. It may also inadvertently enlarge stigma through the creation of an us and them mentality (UNESCO, 2007). Finally, approved sex educati on at high school is the way we protect our upcoming generation.Some opposition view argued that teaching sex education is someway we bring grist to childrens hands. However, psychologist Hong Ngoc Do said that the misunderstanding of our education system is passive-psychological and to relegate for school and scare of being naughty. We get better of giving bid to have right path than let them mislead (Hoai Nam, 2012).III/ oddmentIt was hard to decide on what argument I am going away to write about for this essay. There are many interesting arguments I have searched. After thinking about it, sex education might be a good topic. Teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases is very rampant in Vietnam.IV/ References1/ Anonyous(n.d). Implementing Sex Education. Retrived from2/ Anonymous. (2012). Sex Education A Necessity in Public Schools Today. Retrieved from http//www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=10246.3/ Hausauer, J. (n.d).The Sex Talk What Parents are Saying To Their Child ren about Sex. Retrieved from https//docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cacheD1RfxKYxhTcJweb.mnstate.edu/vigilant/The%2520Sex%2520Talk.doc+hl=vigl=vnpid=blsrcid=ADGEESiQMHNqpQSFolTNzqh3V7Uvg-8jiZdO171eoQoIP842Nrcu2q-A5sLDsuO2T2T4z7f3rUNI56X-E5zsHsIqbr9sCNvEvqUukbiaRbsDm14r0ivRtZKxH-MbnMOvrfRee-58A2XOsig=AHIEtbTzkz81PA7u9MU-GlkLoM_Yn3OSKA.4/ Nam, H. (June,2012). Dan Tri. c gio dc gi itnh sm, tr s bit t bo v mnh. Retrieved from http//dantri.com.vn/c25/s25-603793/duoc-giao-duc-gioi-tinh-som-tre-se-biet-tu-bao-ve-minh.htm.5/ Anomyous. (n.d). Sex Education that Works. Retrieved From http//www.avert.org/sex-education.htmhttp//www.plannedparenthood.org/resources/implementing-sex-education-23516.htm